Analysis of My Last Duchess and The Laboratory Essay -- Robert Brownin

My Last Duchess and The Laboratory are two very diverse yet similar verse forms written by Robert Browning within the period of 3 years. In this essay I am going to carefully consider the techniques, language and imagery that Browning uses in these two poems. I am in like manner going to compare the two poems together and how Browning creates the voice and character of the persona in each(prenominal) poem.My Last Duchess was written by Robert Browning in 1842. The poem is a dramatic monologue. The poem flows as there are mid-line pauses (caesura) rather than the poem coming to a halt at the end of each line. I think this is deliberate from Browning to make the poem flow more easily. The poem begins by the Duke merely showing his collection of art and confused works to his emissary. He then comes to a lifelike portrait of his own wife who is now dead. In my opinion the Duke remembers her as no less than a piece of art that has been created by his orders. This is a general pattern throughout the poem where the Duke considers himself to be the most prestigious man who has ever lived. He believes that manpower are the dominant race above women. He is a complete image of sexism in his time. Browning keeps some of the imagery vague in the poem I believe this is to leave the reader of the poem to think themselves about the attitude of the Duke. You could perhaps say that he has a flirtatious wife who treasures others gifts as she treats the Dukes. You could suggest that she may have had affairs with these other men simply Browning leaves this to our imagination. I believe the Duke is an unstable man whose jealousy drives him to the limit to eventually finish his wife off. He believes that total control was a natural thing for him.Moving on to the Laboratory. ... ... the reader thinking about the poem in whatever way they like. Similarly with My last duchess Robert browning deliberately leaves some text vague yet some vivid to pose questions to the reader. He uses good deal of metaphors in both poems. I think this is again for the same reason which has been mentioned earlier. He is definitely trying to give the reader a thought but he leaves the thought abruptly for us to imagine about it. In my opinion this pattern is very frequent throughout the two poems. To arrive at my conclusion all these techniques work together extremely well in both poems to give some of the greatest poems of his time. These two poems are especially prize for the language, imagery and techniques that the poet uses to create a feeling of jealousy and disgust of the reactions of both the Duke in My Last Duchess and the Woman in The Laboratory.

Augustines God Vs. Epictetus God :: essays research papers

At first glance, I was immediatly inclined to present in epictetus favor, because it pains me to argue that Christianity is good for anybody. In the following paragraphs, i will contrast the divinity of Epictetus, and the God of Augustine, and in the end, my stand will be clear. Epictetus and Augustine both identify God on basic level. Epictetus says,"Where the essence of God is, there too is the essence of good. What is the essence of God?......Right Reason? Certainly. Here then, without more ado, seek the essence of good." He says strive for goodness, live in conformity with it, and you will find God. God is the vital force that creates all things and the cosmic intellegence that governs it from within.Augustine says"Where I found truth, there i found my God, who is truth itself."He says strive for truth and understanding...In loving God, we love truth. Persons can come to shaft truth though inner experience and conviction, he holds that you cant obtain true k nowledge without faith. you must have faith in God, who is the essence of all truth.Both philosophers address mans powerlessness in the face of God. Epictetus take a firm stand that humans are basically limited and irrational beings, but that the universe, ruled by God through pure reason, is perfect. Because human beings can neither know nor control their destiny, they must cease striving for the attainment of worldly ends and pleasures and instead calmly accept the fact of their own powerlessness before fate. The solo thing in a somebodys power is their response to events or outlook, namely, their morality. Augustine believed faith preceded reason. He believed people are good, but not perfect. But in Augustinean theology, each person is predestined to either heaven, or to fry like bacon, and theres nothing you can do about it. Salvation is a "free gift" with purchase, but only to every 7,000th caller. This is where i would think morality means squat. If you know God deci ded when you were born whether or not you were going to heaven, nothing you do makes any difference. You can step all over everbody, and run with scissors and it doesnt matter. If you go to hell, you were going there anyway. If youre going to heaven, youve got a few good stories to tell when you jump there. On top of allthis, Augustine says that no human mind can penetrate the mystery of of Gods wisdom.

The Poem Negro by Langston Hughes Essay -- Poetry Analysis

The poem Negro was written by Langston Hughes in 1958 where it was a time of African American development and the birth of the Civil Rights Movement. Langston Hughes, as a first person narrator tells a story of what he has been through as a Negro, and the animateness he is proud to have had. He expresses his emotional experiences and makes the reader think about what exactly it was like to live his life during this time. By using precise words, this allows the reader to envision the different situations he has been put through. Starting off the poem with the statement I am a Negro lets people kip down who he is, Hughes continues by saying, Black as the night is black, /Black like the depths of my Africa. He identifies Africa as being his and is proud to be as dark as night, and as black as the depths of the heart of his country. Being proud of him self, heritage and culture is clearly shown in this first stanza. The structure of this poem is not the traditionalistic form of poe try, in that he begins with a first person statement then after an indentation, he elaborates on it almost lik...

The Forgotten Years Of Their Eyes :: essays research papers

Although Hurstons reinvigorated Their Eyes Were Watching God is a widely read tonic today, that wasnt always the case. When her novel was first published, many desolate readers were ferocious. It wasnt until the early seventies when Hurstons novel was rediscoered and then at last brought back into the literary canon. What aspects of the novel enraged the readers so that it would be forgotten for more than thirty years?One of the most important aspects of the novel that enraged the black readers was Hurstons portrayal of the blank people. Readers complained that Hurston wasnt harsh enough in her critique of the white peoples treatment towards the black people. quite than portraying whites as the stereotypical Simon Legree of Uncle Toms Cabinthe ideal poor, racist white trashmost whites that take part in the novel ar contrarily very helpful towards the blacks and show great compassion towards them as well. For example, when Janie begins her story we meet the Washburns. These are the white folks for whom nurse worked for and they are very helpful towards both Nanny and Janie by treating them as if they are part of the family. Contrary to a lot of whites at the time who treat blacks as if they were still slaves, the Washburns treat both Nanny and Janie as human beings rather than slaves, showing great respect and love. In a way they are depicted as angels who truly believe in human equality and dont have one bit of prejudice in them. Mah grandmother raised me. Mah grandma and de white folks she worked widThey was quality white folks up dere in West Florida. Named Washburn. She had four granchillun on de place and whole of us played together (8).Furthermore, by reading Hurstons novel, one can clearly see that all blacks place the whites on a alkali of knowledge. jibe to the blacks of the novel, whites know everything and are always right they are superior and since blacks are supposed to be ignorant and stupid, they should believe and do everythin g the whites say. For example, Mrs. Turner states that she trusts except white doctors because black doctors arent as educated and skilled as the white doctors. Dont bring me no nigger doctor tuh strike over mah sick-bedWhite doctors always gits mah money (135-136). Another example is when the Indians are evacuating the muck because they foresee a big hurricane coming and the blacks dont move stating that since the whites arent evacuating theres no reason to.The Forgotten Years Of Their Eyes essays research papers Although Hurstons novel Their Eyes Were Watching God is a widely read novel today, that wasnt always the case. When her novel was first published, many black readers were enraged. It wasnt until the early seventies when Hurstons novel was rediscovered and thus eventually brought back into the literary canon. What aspects of the novel enraged the readers so that it would be forgotten for more than thirty years?One of the most important aspects of the novel that enrage d the black readers was Hurstons portrayal of the white people. Readers complained that Hurston wasnt harsh enough in her critique of the white peoples treatment towards the black people. Rather than portraying whites as the stereotypical Simon Legree of Uncle Toms Cabinthe ideal poor, racist white trashmost whites that take part in the novel are contrarily very helpful towards the blacks and show great compassion towards them as well. For example, when Janie begins her story we meet the Washburns. These are the white folks for whom Nanny worked for and they are very helpful towards both Nanny and Janie by treating them as if they are part of the family. Contrary to a lot of whites at the time who treated blacks as if they were still slaves, the Washburns treat both Nanny and Janie as human beings rather than slaves, showing great respect and love. In a way they are portrayed as angels who truly believe in human equality and dont have one bit of prejudice in them. Mah grandma raised me. Mah grandma and de white folks she worked widThey was quality white folks up dere in West Florida. Named Washburn. She had four granchillun on de place and all of us played together (8).Furthermore, by reading Hurstons novel, one can clearly see that all blacks place the whites on a pedestal of knowledge. According to the blacks of the novel, whites know everything and are always right they are superior and since blacks are supposed to be ignorant and stupid, they should believe and do everything the whites say. For example, Mrs. Turner states that she trusts only white doctors because black doctors arent as educated and skilled as the white doctors. Dont bring me no nigger doctor tuh hang over mah sick-bedWhite doctors always gits mah money (135-136). Another example is when the Indians are evacuating the muck because they foresee a big hurricane coming and the blacks dont evacuate stating that since the whites arent evacuating theres no reason to.

A Civil Engineering Success :: essays research papers

Civil Engineering History and HeritageU.S. 20 Iowa River BridgeThe Iowa River Bridge on Highway U.S.20 was built in such a way that it not only was able to expand the once two lane blacktop roads into a four lane highway, but as well to keep environmental impacts of construction and existence of the bridge to a minimum. The $21 million dollar bridge consists of two 12.0 m wide deck structures that each(prenominal) contain five spans of 92 m. These deck structures are made from erecting a weathering steel I-Girder superstructure. Each deck structure will consist of a 230 mm concrete slab with a 38 mm low-slump concrete wearing course supported by a system of four 3450 mm cloudy I-girders spaced at 3600 mm centers(1). The support for these structures will be cast-in-place reinforced concrete substructure units. These units consist of two column bents ranging in heights of 20 m to 38 m, and are founded on drilled shafts or driven H-Piles. Engineering SuccessThe construction method delectationd on this bridge is the scratch of its kind in the United States on a steel I-girder highway. The bridge was constructed by a launch erection method in order to subdue damaging its surroundings. This method allowed for large steel portions of the structure to be assembled on large rollers behind one of the bridge abutments and then pushed from pier to pier with the use of hydraulic thrusts (or pulling with motors and cables). This area is one of few woodlands left in Iowa, and by doing intensive research Engineers were able to obtain their goal while going as much of the natural surroundings unaffected as possible. Lessons LearnedAs stated earlier, this was the first use of this construction method and therefore a lot of lessons came from this erection of this bridge. Among these were mostly environmental concerns. The reason this method was necessary is due to all of the environmental concerns through the Iowa Greenbelt, which is home to a number of imperil animals, plants and aquatic life. Another aspect of the bridge that the environmental issues affected was the timeline. This included a winter shut-down for a little over 5 months due to the eagles roost, as well as the need to shut down any time noise or activities seemed to disrupt the eagles roosting habits.

A Civil Engineering Success :: essays research papers

Civil Engineering History and HeritageU.S. 20 Iowa River BridgeThe Iowa River Bridge on Highway U.S.20 was built in such a way that it not only was able to expand the once two highroad blacktop roads into a intravenous feeding lane highway, but also to keep environmental impacts of construction and existence of the bridge to a minimum. The $21 million dollar bridge consists of two 12.0 m capacious deck structures that each contain five spans of 92 m. These deck structures are made from erecting a weathering steel I-Girder superstructure. Each deck structure depart consist of a 230 mm concrete slab with a 38 mm low-slump concrete wearing course supported by a system of four 3450 mm deep I-girders spaced at 3600 mm centers(1). The support for these structures will be cast-in-place reinforced concrete substructure units. These units consist of two column bents ranging in heights of 20 m to 38 m, and are founded on drilled shafts or driven H-Piles. Engineering SuccessThe constructio n order used on this bridge is the first of its kind in the United States on a steel I-girder highway. The bridge was constructed by a launch erection method in order to avoid damaging its surroundings. This method allowed for large steel portions of the structure to be assembled on large rollers behind one of the bridge abutments and then pushed from dock to pier with the use of hydraulic thrusts (or pulling with motors and cables). This area is one of few woodlands left in Iowa, and by doing intensive research Engineers were able to obtain their address while leaving as much of the natural surroundings unaffected as possible. Lessons LearnedAs stated earlier, this was the first use of this construction method and therefore a lot of lessons came from this erection of this bridge. Among these were mostly environmental concerns. The reason this method was necessary is due to all of the environmental concerns through the Iowa Greenbelt, which is home to a number of endangered anima ls, plants and aquatic life. Another aspect of the bridge that the environmental issues affected was the timeline. This included a winter shut-down for a little over 5 months due to the eagles roost, as well as the need to shut down any time noise or activities seemed to disrupt the eagles roosting habits.

Marketing strategies, tactics, and techniques: A handbook for practitioners Essay

Psychological marketingIntroduction In a broad spectrum, there ar different techniques that are used by sellers, marketers as well as the entire production companies to market their products as an endeavor to lure customers towards their side. One of those techniques is known as Other-enhancement. Essentially, some other enhancement is one of the techniques that is used by the advertisers to make consumers or the targeted audience have positive attitude towards them. It is mostly done to perfection through sugared them and is elemental in some of the product promotion endeavors as a means of advertisement. As a matter of fact, the advertisers use exaggeration in enactment the positive side of the company in a bid to make customers to prefer put to working with them. For instance, Travel Company tries to sell tickets and uses the comments in commercial, you deserve this, because you work hard. When the customers read and analyze the comment, they feel recognized and their hard wo rk recognized in the bid to make the company happy, they end up buying to a greater extent goods or services as a means of awarding them. According to the LOreal, the cosmetic company technique of advertisement in the ad, Other-enhancement proves to be hear as the company creates new red rouge. Inherently the advertisement uses other-enhancement technique to emphasize the unique characteristics of every woman, saying rouge as unique as you are. This makes customers feel different and special from others and at the same time, the company relates their unique feature of product relates to every womans uniqueness. Your lips deserve more than still color Tailored just for you and your smile, because you are worth it creates the apprize of self-recognition. Here, the company shows the specialty of a commodity even if in the real sense it is not. The items value is exaggerated to catch the attention of the customers and make them buy their goods. LREAL, uses words enhancing luxurious f eel to sell their makeups using this technique. In summary, most companies employ the mental selling techniques as discussed. LOREAL employs such methods to make their sales. The goods being sold are not as valuable as they are made look. The sellers scarper with the minds of potential buyers to trap them and make them buy their items. This marketing technique is adopted by most of the selling companies to promote the stock clearance.ReferencesDobkin, J. (2008). Direct marketing strategies. Merion Station, PA Danielle Adams Pub.Paley, N. (2008). The Marketing Strategy Desktop Guide. London Thorogood.Rogers, S. C. (2001). Marketing strategies, tactics, and techniques A handbook for practitioners. Westport, Conn Quorum Books.Source document

Poetry Comparison Compare Blake’s ‘London’ and Wordsworth’s ‘Composed upon Westminster Bridge’ Essay

The two poems capital of the United Kingdom and comprise upon Westminster Bride, offer differing views on the metropolis of London. Blake presents London as lifeless, gentle and monotonous, whereas Wordsworths London is precise different. He feels it as beautiful, magnificent and exciting.Blakes poem consists of four different stanzas all of equal length. This gives a sense of order and regularity. This demonstrates that the plurality of London decease a controlled life, which has no variety. Blake uses repetition, which gives a sense of anguish, And mark in either face I figure, Marks of weakness, Marks of woe. This stresses the tedious pace of life. Blake in addition appearances that the people of London are trapped in themselves, In every voice, in every man, the mind forged manacles I hear. This demonstrates that the people of London cannot express themselves as they are trapped in their own minds.Blakes London shows the poets anger towards some members of the community. Blake blackens the city by painting images of child labour, how the chimney sweepers cry every blackening church appals. This shows that the church is a hypocrite as they are using chimneysweepers themselves. Blake also dis analogouss the rich aristocrats by describing how the hapless sigh, runs in blood down the palace walls. This emphasises that the poor work very hard and fight pointless battles while the rich reap the rewards and benefits.In stanza four Blake paints a disgusting picture of prostitution, the youthful harlots nemesis, blasts the newborn infants ear, this tells the reader that prostitution leads to disease and plagues, many unwanted. Married men spilt up with their wives. Prostitutes have children, so the beat continues for years. Blake combines ideas of marriage and hearse, this to show that the life cycle for people in London is death and suffering. Also Blake horrifies the reader by using different sounds to describe the feelings of people who live in London. He describes moans and cries to show the reader the depression of the people in London. The city of London is full of sorrow for every man and every infant every cry of every man, in every infants cry of fear. Also it is very negative and everyone feels depressed harlots curse soldiers sigh.Blake intensifies this downcast atmosphere further, by using iambic meter in his poem. The use of iambic meter and an (ABAB) rhyming escape for example streetflowmeetwoe, illerates to the reader how monotonous everyday life in London is, I wandered though each chartered street. The fact that Blake is wandering by London suggests that the city is boring and has no aims or direction. The reader can work out that Blake is blaming his apathy on the city itself and perhaps it is Londons fault that the population has marks of woe.Blakes poem is clearly written about life in the slums of London, while Wordsworth, in his sonnet Composed Upon Westminster Bridge focuses on a more general way on the maj esty and splendour of London.Wordsworth was a nature lover who normally didnt like the cities but in the early morning he sees something wonderful and glorious about London. Wordsworth realises that this moment is only temporary never did the sun more beautifully steep in his first splendour, valley, rock or hill. It was pollution less city bright and splendid. Nothing evil dark or dismal like Blakes London. This city now doth like a garment wear, it demonstrates that it is an out of this world experience. He personifies the city, bringing it to life, in order to show how this is a transient moment.Wordsworth also respects the city for its beautiful buildings, unlike Blake who sees it as a city of degraded humanity noting the harlots curse. Wordsworth sees many beautiful towers, domes, theatres and temples open into the fields and to the skys. This shows the stillness and emptiness. This is a laying affect to show that man made objects can be as steady-going as nature, unlike Blake who sees misery. Wordsworth uses a very calm and tranquil tone to describe London.This poem is written in the firm pentrarchian sonnet, with iambic pentameter utilises an (ABBA, ABBA, CDCD) rhyme scheme unlike Blakes continuous (ABAB) rhyme scheme. This creates an unhurried pace with a peaceful mood lacking the intensity of Blakes poem. It also provides a opposed pace to take in the beauty of London in the early morning.Wordsworths surprise at the beauty of London is seen when he directly addresses honorable God Using an exclamation mark, Wordsworth address God twice to stress his personal reaction to Londons beauty-he wants the reader to see the awe of London, the exclamation mark stresses the shocked pleasure by his reaction. The mighty heart demonstrates that the people are the heart of the city-sees London as alive and living part of city working together. Wordsworth values people, as they are the centre point of London. Wordsworth tries to tell the reader that the Thames is working in harmony with the rest of the city.However, although the imagery of London Blake creates done its depressed state and every cry of every man. In my opinion I prefer Wordsworths poem Composed Upon Westminster Bridge, because he uses personification and makes the city feel beautiful. He states how dull of soul anyone would be if they didnt admire the beauty of London in the early morning. The way Wordsworth describes the cities buildings has a positive effect on the poem and this is why I prefer Composed Upon Westminster Bridge.

Overview on Ipsec

I. digest2 II. The deficiency for IPSec3 1. meshwork threats3 2. TCP/IP security vulnerabilities4 3. The need for IPSec5 III. What is IPSec5 1. What is IPSec5 2. IPSec properties6 IV. IPSec structure6 1. Au consequentlytication header (AH)6 2. Encapsulating warrantor Payload (ESP)7 V. shelter Associations (SA)8 1. Security Associations8 2. Combining Security Associations9 3. SA and refer management10 VI. Building a real VPN with IPSec11 1. VPN overview11 2. IPSec in VPN11 VII. Future Research13 VIII. Conclusion14 IX. References14 I. Abstract It piece of tail be seen clearly that the profits has developed with a very high fastness in many recent years. In the 80s of last century, the internet was all physical exertiond in US army, only when nowadays, the Internet has come to every country, every home and everyone. However, such fast develops also go on with the increasing number of security issues from the Internet. Therefore there is a need to find a security solution f or this issue and that is the season why Internet Protocol Securities exists. * In this paper, i will introduce a overview about this security protocol what is it?What are its core components? And how this protocol was implemented in the applicative? II. The need for IPSec 1. Internet threats * The Internet is quickly changing our world, particularly in the way we do argumentation. The fast developing of technology has helped to increase the community speed of Internet and decrease the cost also. This has given the opportunity for mickle who know how to take advantage of it. The Internet enables such things as * Extranets companies can easily link up with their business partners and their customers.In the past, we corroborate to use dial up line with low bandwidth, so we have to wait a bit long to get the connection to a web sites or send essences to our friend via yahoo messenger. But today with the quick development of the technology, the speed of the Internet has been in creased significantly, therefore the Internet can enable instant and on-demand high-speed communions with our business customers and partners around the world . * Intranets a powerful tool is widely used for providing the communication in a organization.. Remote users the Internet also provides a solution for users who dont need to go to the company till can connect and entrance to the company ne some(prenominal)rk. This will help to reduce the cargo ships cost and also increase the productive of the company. * It can be said that the Internet provides many business opportunities, but if there is not the proper controls, your entropy can become a subject to various kinds of security attacks. * Loss of Privacy There are many ways that the Internet users can lose their privacy information such as the address, family information, phone number, credit cards and so on.This information can be used in marketing purposes such as send spam mail about a new product to many people or more dangerously, It can be used for thief or criminal purposes such as credit care stealing, disclose personal information to the public and so on. * Loss of Data Integrity Even in case your credential is not stolen but there is free need a solution to help ensure the justness of entropy. For example, when you do an transaction, your password are not be disclosed but if the number of money of your transaction was modified, you still got a big problem. Identity Spoofing The Internet is an un-trusted network so be careful with your identity when you surf on the Internet because an intruder can pose you and get the access to your confidential. * Denial-of-service As organizations take advantage of the Internet, there is a issue that the service being performed is almost always a constant while operation, so it is easy for an external observer process to detect a Dos attack. These attacks are generally transient. 2. TCP/IP security vulnerabilitiesThe main earth lead to Internet threa ts mentions above is that TCP/IP the foundation of Internet has many security vulnerabilities. When IP, TCP, UDP and the infrastructure protocol of TCP/IP were designed to use in a very small network and all hosts and users are known, hence the security concerns were almost non-existing. But today, with a very quick development of the Internet, there are more and more security vulnerabilities of TCP/IP were exploited. In this section I will reveal an overview about popular kinds of attacks in TCP/IP. a. TCP SYN or TCP ACK Flood feelerThis is a form of DOS attack in which an intruder sends a successful SYN request to victims system to consume the resources of the victims sever to settle the sever cannot respond to the legal connection b. TCP Sequence modus operandi Attack By predicting the IP sequence number, an attacker can inject data or take over a pre- nominateed connection. c. ICMP Attacks Attacker could use either the ICMP message can make a host stop working such as Time exceeded or Destination unreachable messages. Attacker can make use of this by simply forging one of these ICMP messages, and sending it to one or both of the communicating hosts.Their connection will then be move apart. d. Smurf Attacks The smurf attack is a modification of the classic ping flood attack. An attacker instead of sending ICMP echo mail boats from his system to the victims network, he send a big money to a broadcast address of middle network with a return IP address of the victims network. 3. The need for IPSec To solve issues was mentioned in the preliminary sections, it is necessary to have a protocol retinue which can provide the authentication and decryption to IP packets to increase the security level in data communication over the Internet.And that is reason why we have Internet Protocol Security (IPSec). III. What is IPSec 1. What is IPSec? * Internet Protocol Security (IPSec) has revolutionized Internet Protocol (IP) security. The IPSec protocol suite uti lizes cryptographic techniques to ensure data confidentiality, and digital signatures to authenticate the source of the data transmission. IPSec also brings a new level of interoperability to the Internet that never existed before. It doesnt cuss on proprietary protocols or techniques to establish secure links amidst network nodes.By utilizing IPSec in virtual private networking solutions organizations can exchange sensitive data over public networks with the knowledge that the parties they are exchanging the data with are the intended receivers, that the data was kept confidential in transit, and that the data did not change during transmission. * IPSec has two goals * To ensure the integrity and confidentiality of IP packets. * To provide a defense against network attacks. Both goals are met through the use of cryptography-based protection services, security protocols, and dynamic key management. 2. IPSec properties IPSec has following properties * Anti replay (replay prevention ) ensures the uniqueness of each IP packet, any packet was captured by the attacker cannot be put back into the network to establish a session or steal information. * Integrity protect data from being modified in transit, ensure that received data is the same as the first data. * Confidentiality (encryption) ensures that data is only know by the authorized recipients. To do this, data will be encrypted before being send, and the received has to use a public, private key to decrypt the data when receiving it. Authentication verifies that a message can only be send from a receiver who knows the shared, secret key. The vector will include a authentication message to the data before sending, the receiver has to use their key to encrypt the authentication message to enable ceremonial occasion the data. If the key is wrong, the data will be discarded. IV. IPSec structure 1. Authentication header (AH) * AH is used to authenticate- but not encrypt IP traffic, or in other(a) words this p rotocol guarantees connectionless integrity and data origin authentication of the packet.Moreover, it can optionally guard against replay attacks by attackers who obtain a copy of certify packet and later put it back to the network. * Structure of AH The AH header consist of 6 parts * Next hdr (8 bits) this identifies what the upper-level protocol following the AH is * AH len (8bit) this field indentifies the size of it of the authentication header. * Reserved this field is a place holder for future use. * Security Parameters Index (32bits) this is a random number that indicates the setting that being selected by the transmitter to communicate with the receiver.This includes the encryption algorithms that are being used, which encryption keys are being used, and the information about the validity period for these encryption keys. * Sequence Number this is a counter that increases incrementally each measure a packet is transmitted using the parameters setup in the SPI. * Authentic ation Data this is the Integrity Check Value(ICV) for the packet. The actor will create a keyed-one-way-hash of the packet payload and attach this hash value to the packet as the authentication field.The receiver can check the integrity of the payload data by hashing the payload data once it has been decrypted with the same hash algorithm, which sender used. If two hash values are identical then the recipient can be sure that the data was not modified during the transmission. However, because the data was not encrypted this does not ensure the confidentiality of the payload data only the integrity. 2. Encapsulating Security Payload (ESP) The ESP is the portions of the IPSec that addresses the confidentiality of the data that is being transmitted as well as offers authentication capabilities.ESP utilizes bilaterally symmetric encryption techniques to encrypt the IP packet payload. The symmetric encryption algorithms that must be supported in order to be compliant to standard are DE S, 3 DES, RSA, CAST, and Blowfish. The ESP will encrypt the IP header or information, which includes the information required for routing. It will only encrypt the packet payload, which will ensure the confidentiality of the data. There are six elements which make up the ESP which include V. Security Associations (SA) 1. Security Associations * A key issue appears in both authentication and encryption mechanism for IPSec, that is Security Association (SA).SA is a simply the bundle of algorithm are parameters that is used to provide authentication and confidentiality a particular flow of traffic stream in one direction. frankincense in normal bi-directional traffic process, the flows are secured by a pair of security associations. * In order to decide what protection is to be provided for an outgoing packet, IPSec uses the Security Parameter Index (SPI), an index to the security association database (SADB), along with the destination address in a packet header, which together uniquel y identify a security association for that packet.A similar procedure is performed for an incoming packet, where IPSec gathers decryption and verification keys from the security association database. There are two types of SAs are defined transport agency and cut into mode. * Transport mode SA is used to provide security communication amidst two hosts, and in this mode only the payload of packet is encrypted (with ESP) or authenticated (with AH) so it only provide protection for upper layer protocols. A tunnel mode SA is used to provide security communication between two gateway or between a gateway and a host and in this mode the entire IP packet is encrypted (with ESP) or authenticated (with AH). 2. Combining Security Associations * Any single SA can select AH or ESP to protect the data transmits over an IP network but it cannot combine 2 of these protocols. Therefore, there is a need to combine many SAs to achieve the required security policy. The term security association bun dle or SA bundle is applied to a sequence of SAs through which traffic must be processed to satisfy a security policy. Security associations may be combined into bundles in two ways transport adjacency and iterated tunneling. * Transport adjacency refers to applying more than one security protocol to the same IP datagram, without invoking tunneling. This is only applicable for trust AH and ESP at the same level. * Iterated tunneling refers to the application of multiple layers of security protocols affected through IP tunneling. This approach allows for multiple levels of nesting, since each tunnel can originate or terminate at a different IPSec site along the path. Basic ways of SAs combination documents about IPSec structure has listed tetrad cases of combining SAs based on the compatibility between severs or gateways * Case 1 all securities properties are provided between systems. * Case 2 security is only provided between gateways and there is no any host implemented IPSec * C ase 3 based on the case 2 but add the oddment to End security. * Case 4 support the remote access through the Internet in the scope of firewalls and expandable accept of server or host in behind the firewalls. 3. SA and key management Key management is an important part of IPSec regarded to identify and distribute the secret key. And basic demand is four keys to communicate between two applications receiving key and sending keys include two AH and ESP. IPSec structure allows to support two type of key management is * Manually every administrator tack manually their private keys with other communicate systems keys. In practice, this type of key management is used for small resources in a static surroundings. * Automated it is a system which allows creating keys for SAs and being used in a large distribution system with dynamic configuration. The default automated key management in IPSec is called ISAKMP/Oakley with following components * Oakley key indentifying protocol Oakley is a basic key exchanging protocol based on Diffie-Hellman algorithm, but added security condition. Oakley is a general standard it does not have any specific format. * Internet Security Association and Key Management Protocol (ISAKMP) ISAKMP provide a framework for establishing SAs and cryptographic keys in an Internet environment VI. Building a real VPN with IPSec 1. VPN overviewVPN (Virtual Private Network) is the expansion of LAN by adding connections over a shared network or public network handle the Internet. In other words, VPN is a private network uses public communication infrastructure but still remains the privacy by using a tunneling protocol and security procedures. VPN can be used to establish a connection between a computer and a private network or between 2 private networks. 2. IPSec in VPN * In IPSec, ESP is the unique way to provide encryption, but ESP and AH both can provide authentication, so what is the most efficient way to combine 2 of them together. The traditi onal solution of wrapping ESP inside of AH is technically possible, but because of the limitations of AH with NAT (Network Address Translation), hence combining AH and ESP by this way will make this tunnel not work with whatchamacallums using NAT. * Instead, ESP + Authentication is used in Tunnel mode to fully encapsulate the traffic on its way across an un-trusted network, protected by both encryption and authentication in the same thing. * Whats especially refined thing about this way of implement is that VPN and other security measures are almost invisible to the end-user hosts.Because a VPN is carried out by a gateway device which treats the VPN as yet another interface, traffic destined for the other end is routed normally. VII. Future Research This paper only provides an overview about IPSec but not tension on securities components of IPSec such as encryption algorithms and detail of mechanism of SAs. Therefore in the future research I will spend more time on those issues. VIII. Conclusion * After covering most of components of IPSec structure, it can be seen clearly that IPSec is a strong security protocol it can provide both ncryption and authentications. It also use various types of encryption and authentications algorithm such as Triple-DES, 128 bit C4, AES (for encryption) MD5 or SHA-1 (for authentication). * However IPSec still have security issue when a authorized IPSec user access to the network, they can also access to unauthorized resources. Moreover data file is uploaded and downloaded easily also creates the threats from virus infection. IX. References 1. Www. wikipedia. org 2. http//tools. ietf. org/html/rfc2401section-4. 4. 3

How to become an effective member in an Interprofessional Team Essay

Using Gibbs reflective cps and the Inter passe-part step up Capability Framework explain how your knowledge, skills and attitudes considered on this module get out enable you to become an effective member of an screen professional squad in your operatives environmentThe National Health Service (NHS) employs much than a million employees therefore, a system that in all in allows the services to run in sync with the skilled and antiphonal workforce merchantman non be denied (Daly, 2004). However, does it give us the privilege to say we have overcome the barriers to quislingism and communication indoors NHS? Certainly not otherwise, cases like the wipeout of Victoria Climbe and Baby Peter would have been avoided, whereby consistent failing in communication and cooperative work among various have-to doe with professionals and agencies was unearthed (Jelphs & Dickinson, 2008).Because of the word limitation for the testify, the essay will only seek to explore the interpr ofessional capabilities (i.e. knowledge, skills and attitudes) about collaborative working and communication that can enable me becoming an effective ag free radical member of an inter professional group in the future. To achieve this, I am going to exploit the first domain of the interprofessional capability (IPC) framework namely collaborative working using Gibbs reflective cycle. The first stage of Gibbs (1988) reflective cycle requires the description of the events (Jasper, 2003) Approximately 800 students undertook the Interprofessional education (IPE) module from various disciplines of health and well-disposed care courses.IPE can be defined as education that occurs when students from two or more professions learn about, from and with each other to enable effective collaboration and improve health outcomes (WHO, 2010 pp-7). The interprofessional group I was allocated to comprise of a mental health nurse, a midwife, two adult nurses, a physiotherapist and myself, a diagnost ic radiographer. It was within the group we had to undertake various facilitated activities as well as independent group works. The module was to offer awareness and learning about the issues of collaborative working, communication and many other topics collaterally, it was withal about demonstrating my knowledge, skills and attitudes towards these problems according to my experience as well aslearn from other squad members.By the end of the event, I was not only exposed to the notions of collaborative working and effective communication, but also to the barriers that can stop us from achieving them. The befriend stage of Gibbs (1988) reflective cycle is about expression of the feelings about the event (Jasper, 2003). Initially, I was unsure about the benefits of common learning however, it became clear as we progressed through the module (Barr, 2003). Everyone was friendly, showed respect and trust other peoples knowledge. Moreover, a group work approach was apparent rather tha n an individual approach to the problems we encountered. I felt valued within the team because I could share my perception about the problems and discuss them effectively with other team members.I also observed that although some cases were not in a flash related to my profession, however, the team members ensured that I was on board with what they were proposing, hence maintaining a patroniseive and collaborative learning environment. There was a sense of all team members wanting to work collaboratively and effectively to perform well. Nevertheless, I was little annoyed when two of the nursing students were not engaging fully with the group work. However, it was interesting to melody that as soon as they apologised about their inappropriate behaviour, justified why it happened (stress about doing another essay) and concord not to repeat it it had a really confirmative effect on me, and I was easily able to let off their behaviour.Although with hindsight, I think this may have a negative effect on the group if they had carried on repeating such behaviour (Jelphs & Dickinson, 2008). Furthermore, there was one of team members who did not attend any group works sessions in the second week, and even did not communicate with the team about her non attendance, which I thought was an unprofessional behaviour at this level. Nevertheless, the support given by the teaching team during facilitated sessions was commendable. Overall, my feeling about the whole event was quite positive. The third stage of Gibbs (1988) reflective cycle involves evaluation of my experiences encountered during the event (Jasper, 2003). Gorman (1998) suggests that considerate amount of precaution should be given to the structure of the team, the culture (interprofessional relationships) and processes as they can influence the behaviour of the team i.e. leading to collaborative working or hindrance.This was well accepted by all members at the beginning itself and therefore time was spent on discussion about it, as a result of whichthe team was engraft to have congruity about shared commitment throughout the module. All the team members became clear about the roles of the professionals involved and their interaction with the patient-care pathway. Thus, it provided a good specify about role clarity, which was maintained throughout without any conflict (West & Markiewicz, 2006). Any challenges encountered within the group were well focused to the relevant question or working practice. Thereby, better arrest and sharing of accountability were seen. All these helped reduce the hindrance to effective collaboration.Also shared was schooling about the problems experienced at the clinical placement namely incorrect filing, assumption made about illegible handwriting, acronyms and short abbreviations, etc. that can often risk the patients care and can be seen as potential source for errors. The team leader maintained a well balance about the time that was to be spent for each activity. Therefore, we were all able to share successfully our values and perceptions about the issues relating to communication and collaboration. No personality issues were encountered (Jelphs & Dickinson, 2008). There were some brilliance movement of innovation and creativity seen, e.g. during carte creating activities and rich picture activity and each member participated in one way or the other e.g. I and a physiotherapist student designate forward to present it to the other groups.Thus, overall I felt there was a good positive attitude maintained by all the team members as everyone was willing to collaborate and communicate effectively. I felt that synergy produced by contribution from everyone through interprofessional group works had far exceeded the potential of what I could have contributed individually (Jelphs & Dickinson, 2008). Although there was no absence of trust and fear of conflict among the group members however, lack of commitment was present as consiste nt non attendance was an issue for one of the team member, and it was felt that there was avoidance of accountability as that person did not feel it important to inform the team (Lencione, 2002). other issue about inattention from two of the team members was resolved effectively by the team leader through good communication skills he have and it was a good learning example for me.Therefore, team leaders are required to facilitate the group to stay focused and help stop get fragmented (ODaniel & Rosenstein, 2006). I also learned about other factors that may contribute asbarriers to effective collaboration which included social conformity, risk shift, group think and diffusion of responsibility (West & Markiewicz, 2006). The stage four of the Gibbs (1988) reflective cycle includes analysis of the event. The fact that in the UK, communication is still one of the commonest grow of problems described in complaints against the professionals should make us realise that communication sh ould not take for granted (Health and social care information services, 2006 cited from Jelphs and Dickinson, 2008).The Oxford dictionary (2010) defines communication as the imparting or exchanging of information by speaking, writing, or using some other medium. And Mehrabian (1972) suggests that non-verbal communication (body language) can contribute around 70%, when interacting. Therefore, it is vital that the health care professionals are not only effective in communicating verbally but also non-verbally. We all agreed and aware that every one of us had in their codes of professional conduct about clearly documenting any intervention offered or given to the patient (HPC, 2009 The Chartered Society of Physiotherapy, 2005 NMC, 2009). As a result, I felt that the team were unified on decisions made about poor documentation that were noted within the examples/cases given and videos shown.As a group we all agreed that clear documentation can help reduce the risk of breakdown in commun ication and increase the likelihood of adequate sharing of information and hence quality of care. As whenever any critical information is transmitted through any medium there is always a risk of miscommunication prone to it and that is why effective communication is much more difficult to achieve in practice (ODaniel & Rosenstein, 2006). Although this was conflicted with what the care for students (mental nurse and adult nurse), and physiotherapy student mentioned during the reason as they felt that there was the surplus amount of paper work to be done, which was affecting the quality of care provided to the patients, especially during handovers.Unlike in radiography, this is not the case as we often x-ray the patients without any notes, but a request form (legal document) is required indicating the type of examination required. Nevertheless, every patient inevitably to be registered on the system before we can do x-rays, which can take a while. However, we have to schedule the in-patients needed to be done out of ours and therefore, have to communicate with the ward nursing staff and porters. Furthermore, during any emergency situation requiringmobile x-rays or Computerised Tomography examination effective communication with the misadventure and emergency (A&E) is necessary as otherwise it can delay the treatment and jeopardise patients well-being.Besides, I observed that the nurses role was quiet at the core when it came about caring patients in the hospital. Therefore, I felt that it was necessary to work collaboratively and maintain good communication with the nurses in practice as they can help me by providing crucial information about patients physical and psychological status that I may need to consider when victorious the x-rays requiring some adaption of techniques (Burzotta & Noble, 2011). The group did well to work in collaboration maybe because good communication was maintained all the time amidst the members. Mead and Ashcroft (2005) sugges t that working in collaboration is vital as it helps to avoid any misunderstandings and hence keeping it immune from barriers of interprofessional collaboration.Nevertheless, an interprofessional team can comprise of individuals from various professional background and have a possibility of sharing same skills and knowledge, in which case clarity about their role and scope of responsibilities should get agreed as otherwise it can easily become a potential source of conflict for the teams (Thompson, Melia & Boyd, 2000). Care priorities can be affected by the codes of conduct, e.g. the main focus of doctor will be on patients medical condition, a physiotherapist will mainly remain concerned about the mobility issues a social worker priority will be making available required care and support at home, nurses priorities to coordinate patients discharge, charm and medications to take home.Therefore, although we see everyone wanting to work collaboratively their priorities can differ (Th ompson et al, 2000). I felt there was a positive feeling until the last day in the midst of the team members, and everyone felt proud about this opportunity through which we all mutually enjoyed. I am convinced that the experience gained will certainly set up my practice as well as attitude towards other professionals with whom I will come in contact. Overall, I have gained a profound understanding and knowledge about how individuals responses and behaviour can influence others and the events, the need for good communication not only with service users and their family members, but also with other team members through this experience.I had become self-aware about my interprofessional skills and factors that contribute tocommunication and feel that this experience will be a very useful to support my understanding of how to be an effective member of an interprofessional team in the future. Also, as a healthcare professional I should always try to act responsibly and try to develop s tronger relationships with other team members, therefore, allowing every chance of working collaboratively and communicating adequately, which could result into better health and well-being of patients and reduce the risk of failures (Jelphs & Dickinson, 2008 DOH, 2000).The abutting stage of Gibbs (1988) reflective cycle includes discussion about the action plans. Therefore, if faced with similar scenarios or situations experienced while undertaking this module, I will ensure that the knowledge and skills acquire are well implemented to the situations and seek help from other interprofessional team members without any prejudice, but with pride (Daly, 2004). I also feel that to become more effective as a team member, continuous interprofessional development and active participation in these areas should not be neglected. exercise and reflecting through IPC framework domains can help me identify my progress as well as help me to engage and assimilate more within the interprofessiona l team (Interprofessional Capability framework, 2010).To conclude, this module has really helped me get myself out of my normal area of practice and to reach out for other disciplines learn and relate positive and negative outcomes about working in collaboration and communication. In hindsight, the module was an eye-opener for me as, despite being aware about the need for collaborative working and importance of communicating appropriately consistency of its application in practice was seen to be lacking. Nevertheless, it will be unfair to say that we have completely failed in these areas.I am quite convinced that although the ethos of working in collaboration can arguably be seen as a challenging aspect, however, the truth is real-life problems are always more complicated to be dealt single-handedly. Therefore, fostering of collaborative working culture through Interprofessional education can revolutionise the thinking of students as it has done mine too, thereby helping me prepare to become an effective member of future interprofessional teams, who will have collaboration and communication as one of their core parts of their practice.REFERENCESBarr, H. (2003). undergrad interprofessional education Education Committee Discussion Document. Retrieved December 10,2011, from http//www.gmc-uk.org/Undergraduate_interprofessional_education.pdf_25397207.pdf Burzotta, L. & Noble, H. (2011). The dimensions of interprofessional practice. British Journal of Nursing, 20(5),310-315. Daly, G. (2004). Understanding the barriers to multiprofessional collaboration. Nursingtimes.net. 100(09) 78. Retrieved December 22, 2011, from http//www.nursingtimes.net/nursing-practice/clinical-specialisms/management/understanding-the-barriers-to-multiprofessional-collaboration/204513.article. Gorman, P. (1998). Managing multidisciplinary teams in the NHS. London Kogan Page. Health Professional Council (2009). model of proficiency. Retrieved January 01,2012, from http//www.hpc-uk.org/assets /documents/10000DBDStandards_of_Proficiency_Radiographers. Interprofessional Capability Framework (2010) Mini-guide. Interprofessional Education Team, Faculty of Health and Wellbeing, Sheffield Hallam University. Higher Education Academy. Jasper, M. (2003). Beginning Reflective Practice Foundations in Nursing and Health Care. London Nelson Thornes.Jelphs, J. & Dickinson, H. (2008). work in teams. Bristol The Policy Press. Lencioni, P. (2002). The five dysfunction of a team. San Francisco Jossey-Bass. Meads, G. & Ashcroft, J. (2005). The Case for Interprofessional Collaboration In Health and Social Care. Oxford Blackwell Publishing Ltd. Mehrabain, A. (1972). Nonverbal communication. Chicago Aldine Atherton. Nursing and midwifery Council. (2009). The Code. Retrieved January 2,2012, from http//tinyurl.com/6kdup6. ODaniel, M. & Rosenstein, A. H. (2006). Professional communication and team collaboration. Patient Safety and Quality An Evidence-Based Handbook for Nurses. Retrieved Decem ber 19,2011, from http//www.ahrq.gov/qual/nurseshdbk/docs/ODanielM_TWC.pdf Oxford Dictionaries (2010). Oxford University Press. Retrieved January 01,2012, from http//oxforddictionaries.com/definition/communication. The Chartered Society of Physiotherapy. (2005). Rules and standards. Retrieved January 2,2012, from http//tinyurl.com/6aptc99 Thompson I.E., Melia, K &Boyd, K. (2000). Nursing ethics. (4th ed.). London Churchill Livingstone. World Health Organisation.(2010). Framework for Action on Interprofessional Education & Collaborative Practice. Retrieved December 22,2011, from http//www.who.int/hrh/resources/framework_action/en/. West, M. & Markiewicz,L. (2006). The effective partnership working inventory. Working Paper. Birmingham Aston business sector School. Department of Health (2000) A Health Service for All the Talents Developing the NHS Workforce. London Department of Health

Energy Society Essay

The Kyoto communications communications protocolThe official name of the Protocol is The Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework convening on Climate Change. It is an agreement by 165 countries for mandatory targets for the reduction of the worlds greenhouse gas emissions. These gasescarbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and several fluorinated gases atomic number 18 believed to contri onlye significantly to global thawing.The targets of the Protocol ar primarily industrialized countries, which are expected to reduce their combined emissions to 95% of 1990 emission levels between 2008 and 2012. The Protocol was agreed on in 1997, although it only took effect in 2005.Between the years 1990 and 2000, the overall emissions of industrialized countries watch been reduced by 3%, but largely because of the drastic reduction of emissions from former Soviet countries because of their failing economies. Other industrialized countries overall had an increase of 8% emissions. It is estmated that emissions from industrialized countries will be 10% above 1990 emission levels by the year 2010.For industrialized countries, the emission reduction target of the Kyoto Protocol is only around 5%, and many climate scientists are concerned that this is not enough to curb the effects of global warming. They believe that in order for the agreement to actually help solve the problem, the emission range would be cut down by 60%. This has led to the opinion that the agreement lacks real value, more so with appear US backing. However, advocates believe that the Protocol lays out the groundwork for future negotiations. Emission reduction laws were already signed in many countries and would continue to take effect even when the Protocol itself has ceased to exist.Happy Kyoto solar day This site has an unusual approach to the problem of determining the Kyoto protocols merit. According to the author, In and of itself, the Kyoto treaty wont solve global warming or avert dis astrous climate disruption. The author states that the protocol is essentially a catalyst. It will put the world in an environmentally aware prospecteven if the Kyoto protocol fails, it will force the world to interject up with something better. It will also encourage economic changes that strive towards greater efficiency and sustainability. Lastly, the protocol is a symbol, a conscious step in the right direction for the planet. Kyoto & global warming good stuff or part of a tincture conspiracy to die hard the world? According to this site, global warming alarmism is indeed the m other of all environmental scares. The author states that it is definitely not settled whether human beings activity has had any significant effect on global warming global warming is a theory, not a fact. Some effects of the Kyoto protocol would include impoverishing the USA and creating intense disaffection within the ranks of the working classes. Basic necessities would become very expensive. Ele ctricity would double in cost, fuel would skyrocket. Lastly, the author claims that the Kyoto protocol is a political device to lead the Social Communists closer to world dominion.One of the worst effects that global warming could have would be the locomote of sea levels, due to the melting of ice caps and to thermal expansion of the worlds waters. A hundred years from now, if the worst global warming predictions come true, millions of people will be displaced from their homes, which will be submerged. This will have drastic economic and cultural impacts. The effects of the mass displacement on the economy could reach far into the future. The loss of farmland, of business districts, etc. may spawn another (much worse) Great Depression in many areas. Forced cultural scattering will be commonplace, making the ubiquitous problem of the generation gap much more considerable.Many people who would call themselves environmentalists would not necessarily have good knowledge of environment al issues. They may pay lip service to the environmentalist cause without inconveniencing themselves in any respect to protect it. But I would venture to say that a majority of those who call themselves environmentalists would be willing to go out of their way to serve the world.However, it is certain that, as in other controversial issues, there would be much hypocrisy. If by environmentalists we mean those who areor claim to beconcerned about the environment, then certainly most(prenominal) of them would just be claiming belief in the cause, but be too lazy. In them would be an awareness of an idealthe preservation of the environmentbut a lack of initiative, probably because of the lack of any immediate incentives.ReferencesKyoto Protocol, 2006, Department of the Environment and Heritage, Australian Greenhouse Office, procurable at http//www.greenhouse.gov.au/international/kyoto/index.htmlThe Kyoto Protocol, New Zealand Ministry for the Environment, Available at http//www. clima techange.govt.nz/about/kyoto.htmlCascio, Jamais, 2006, Happy Kyoto Day, Available at http//www.worldchanging.com/archives/002119.htmlKyoto & global warming good stuff or part of a dark conspiracy to dominate the world?, 2006, Available at http//uspolitics.tribe.net/thread/e4978f31-0439-4b70-bbf3-f0ce93a09a42Q&A The Kyoto Protocol, 2005, BBC News, Available at http//news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/ 4269921.stmThe Kyoto Protocol A brief summary, 2006, European Union, Available at http//ec.europa.eu/ environment/climat/kyoto.htmKyoto Protocol, 2006, Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., Available at http//en.wikipedia. org/w/index.php?title=Kyoto_Protocol&oldid=80236719Kyoto Protocol comes into force, 2005, BBC News, Available at http//news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/ science/nature/4267245.stm

Nonverbal Communication

substructure The saying goes, Look into a persons tendernesss, and you will see their soul. solely if what is it ab out(a) the pumps that hold so much? Why do the eyes embrace so much emotion, so many flavorings? The eyes, along with early(a) system aspects, ar satisfactory to communicate to muckle in slipway our utter intercourse burn down non, for eye contact is an invitation to communicate. If you look directly into a persons eyes, they will respond in some manner (Andersen, 2004).Albert Mehrabian (1967) stated that 55% of communicating is organic structure wrangle, 38% of communicating is tonality, and 7% of communion is the actual langu jump on that ar spoken (Mis catch Section, line 2). Altogether, 93% of conference is unvoiced speech what we workout to give or withhold nitty-gritty from our words. Communication is a complicated, on-going process of sending and receiving messages. These messages provide both implicit and explicit interpretations de pending on the synchrony between the spoken word and the body language associated with it.Body language is delimitate as the gestures, movements, and mannerisms by which a person or animal communicates with new(prenominal)s (Merriam-Webster, 2011). acute 93% of communication lies in unspoken word, instructors must put forth an endeavor to communicate through their actions and tone of role, Teachers should be aware of gestural communication in the schoolroom for two basic reasons to become better receivers of schoolchilds messages and to gain the superpower to send positive signals that reinforce students reading duration simultaneously adequate to a greater extent(prenominal) skilled at avoiding negative signals that stifle their learning (Miller, 2005).Teachers need to be more concerned about their teaching-learning situations beca mapping the public figure of carriage of the teacher affects the pattern of behavior of the learner (Clark, 1978). With this, teachers must focus on changing the learners behavior by changing their own behavior. By paying attention to communicative communication, teachers can better manage their schoolroom and the learners in that environment. One major(ip) aspect of body language is eye contact, When you fail to make eye contact with someone, you are treating her or him as a nonperson and inviting that person to noncommunicate (Andersen, 2004, p. 6). Teachers know that students respond to how they treat them. Therefore, when they choose to interact with them, they can assistance regulate behaviors by maintaining eye contact. In concomitant, eye contact from the teacher is the most(prenominal) authoritative communicatory behavior, for eye contact shows confidence, controls classroom interaction, and enables teachers to allege the body language of their students. Increasing eye contact dramatically improves motivating in the learning process (Andersen, 2004, p. 42). Review of Literature In 1507, Leonardo da Vinci revealed his now legendary paintingMona Lisa.Sentence and Verbal CommunicationStudied by many and known by all, this painting was the first study to look at body language. It intrigues so many people because the painting is so complex, barely like body language. The most interesting aspect of this painting is Monas smile. This smile renders more than just one emotion. In addition, Monas gaze follows the viewer no matter the go she is viewed from. There are many meanings and emotions hidden in this picture and that is why it arguably is the better(p)-known painting in the world (Riding, 2005, lines 4-6).In his book,The Expression of the Emotions in piece and Animals, Charles Darwin (1872) looked at how our emotions express our feelings and thoughts. Through his many studies, Darwin was able to prove that our expressions of emotions portray more than words. Darwin studied the eyes, nose, arms, go, and many an different(prenominal)(prenominal) body features in order to command a correlation between body language and new(prenominal)s perceptions. Often, our facial features check with our tone of voice in order to express a real feeling, The cast out of the voice bears some relation to certain states of feeling is tolerably exceed (Darwin, 1872, p. 03). This being true, one can easily sense anothers emotion, such(prenominal) as high spirits, by simply focusing on the unspoken word A person in high spirits, though he/she may not truly smile, commonly exhibits some tendency to the retraction of the corners of his mouth. From the excitement of pleasure, the circulation becomes more speedy the eyes are bright, and the colour of the face rises. The brain, being stimulated by the change magnitude flow of blood, moves on the mental powers lively ideas pass still more rapidly through the mind, and the affections are warmed (Darwin, 1872, p. 696-697).Darwin claims that our emotions are intricately intertwined with our whole body. Our emotions, mi nd, and body work as one to send signals to other people. People use body language to help drive interaction and keep others engaged. But what happens when our body language is not the same language as someone from another country? This poses a problem not only in society scarcely in classrooms as wellhead. Teachers are being asked more and more to lay down an atmosphere of inclusivity in order to accommodate for diverse populations including gender, ethnicity, religion, and capacity. Debra Pitton et. al. 1993) stated teachers have a responsibility to provide the best possible groomingal experience daylight to day and this experience must hold body language for many reasons By incorporating the study of gestural messages into pre-service studies, teachers will more bringily be able to help students become cognizant of culture, ethnicity, and gender as important variables in chance(a) life. This will also help students, as they will benefit from an change magnitude appreci ation of diversity when they assume their future roles as parents, teachers, community leaders, fellow workers, employers, and citizens.An inclusive education should facilitate the changes in climate necessary to ensure ongoing change, and experience of culturally specific nonverbal communication patterns can enhance this process (p. 2). Teachers goals are to help their students be active participants in their community and in society. In order to do so, students must be able to understand verbal and nonverbal communication signals as they relate from one person and one scene to the next. Nonverbal relates to the unspoken word and a means to send messages that are not sanctioned for verbal delivery by our culture (Wiemann, 1975).As humans, we have a extra strength to respond quickly and unconsciously pick up clues to others nonverbal behavior so that we can respond and react however, we are culture-bound in what we see and can interpret those behaviors incorrectly depending on ou r ground and experiences (Cohen, 1971). Nonverbal behavior is difficult to control or to censor. Nonverbal behavior comes naturally to an individual based on true emotions, feelings, and culture it is less plausibly to be deceptive as verbal communication can be (Galloway, 1993).With this, there seems to be a necessity for teachers to have complete control everyplace their nonverbal behaviors in order to communicate to their students effectively. Students read more from their teachers body language than they do their actual words. In fact, most teachers are not aware of the ways in which they transmit nonverbal messages to pupils. classroom culture has its own nonverbal language and pupils absorb its nuances along with the spoken language (Spanjer, 1972). Peter Andersen (2004) claims immediacy behaviors, hich signal approach and availability, and send warm, stimulating messages to other people, help teachers develop a positive relationship with their students. Some immediacy beh aviors include touching, smiling, nodding, facing others, showing relaxation, leaning toward others, and synchronizing our conversations however, in the classroom, the most important immediacy behavior is eye contact, Teacher eye contact shows confidence, controls classroom interaction, and enables teachers to read the body language of their students (Andersen, 2004).Being able to read body language gives teachers an receipts at recognizing their students true emotions, enabling the teacher to be more effective on a minute-to-minute basis. By increasing immediacy behaviors, students pauperization in the learning process dramatically improves (Andersen, 2004). Teachers need to be aware of immediacy behaviors, such as eye contact, in order to help their students succeed in the classroom and, ultimately, outside of the classroom. When it comes to motivating students to complete their work, nonverbal behavior is a prime factor out in teacher effectiveness. Research studies across K-c ollege found that learners at all levels reacted more favorably to teachers who used nonverbal immediacy cues. Increasing immediacy behaviors dramatically improves students pauperism (Goman, 2008). Andersen (2004) concluded people trust body language over the spoken word (p. 14).People trust body language because it is spontaneous, multi-channeled, and possesses redundant qualities that make it very hard to completely fake (Andersen, 2004). This is applied in classrooms as well. Students rely on the teachers body language in order to interpret the meaning of their words however, teachers are not well educated in the knowledge domain of body language. No prerequisite courses are offered to teachers during their undergraduate/graduate years that help prepare them in nonverbal communication because it is still a mostly unexplored area (Ligons, 1973).Teachers must be aware of nonverbal communication in their classrooms because nonverbal communication is the medium through which rel ationships are maintained, regulated, and guided in spite of appearance culturally-prescribed patterns (Grove, 1976). Focusing on professional success in the classroom is crucial, especially at a changing conviction in educations news report with the passing of the Budget Bill by Governor Walker, At a clock time when it is widely recognized that professional success is achieved with or through other people, the power of, nd the need for, good interpersonal skills couldnt be greater (Goman, 2008). Method The examination underlying this paper is a better understanding of how adverse nonverbal behavior (in relation to the spoken word) will, ultimately, negatively impact students emotionally, behaviorally, and academically that teachers find as problem students, different, and/or difficult. This investigation began with the articleThe Nonverbal wages(Goman, 2008) and the evidence of increasing student motivation and success in the classroom by changing behavior. Understanding the i mportance of body language in the classroom setting provided a pathway of inquiry related to immediacy behaviors, student motivation/success, and the classroom teacher of the 21stcentury. This included reviewing research and articles from different time periods, even dating back to the late 19thcentury.The info gathered prove the lack of current research existing in relation to nonverbal communication in a classroom setting however, after reading threefold examples that verify the significance body language has in relation to student achievement, schooling regarding nonverbal behavior and its correlation to student motivation and achievement is coercive to know in order to progress not only certain classrooms but also schools as a whole.A short survey of nine five-fold choice enquirys and one open-ended question (optional to answer) focused on teachers views of nonverbal behavior in the profession of teaching and working with children. The survey also provided information reg arding their awareness of their own nonverbal behavior along with their thoughts on the ability to change their nonverbal behavior.The purpose of this research was to aid in providing valuable information to serve as a guide for teachers and administrators on how to change their behavior in order to change their students behavior and, ultimately, improve student achievement and motivation as well as schools success.Nonverbal communicationpertains to the course of communication that involves the transfer and receipt of messages that are not related to the use of words (Knapp and residency, 2007). The messages transferred to the meeter are generally associated with body language, as well as gestures, posture, external appearance or clothing, facial manifestations and even hairstyles. Nonverbal communication is thus powerfully puzzle outd by visual messages which symbolize particular meanings to the meeter. Other paralanguage forms of nonverbal communication include the quality of the speaker units voice and his style of speaking. It should be noted that any features related to stress and rhythm of the speakers voice may also influence how a listener receives a speakers message.In the workplace, nonverbal communications play an important role in the interactions among colleagues, as well as the interrelatedness between executive programy program and his subordinate. It is well known that the employees at a workplace need to work together and cooperate in order to achieve the status of a productive company. Cooperation and accord are thus closely related to the trust and confidence of each employee to himself and to his confreres and these factors are often influenced by both verbal and nonverbal communications among individuals in the workplace (Ottenheimer, 2007).It should be understood that even if the right phrases and words were expressed by an individual, the actual message of the spoken words and sentences are often changed by the accompanying nonv erbal signals that the speaker is showing to the listener. These nonverbal signs may or may not be consciously being shown nonetheless it is a fact that these nonverbal signs often modify the message that is sent out to the listener.a) In a meeting at my workplace, our supervisor was suggesting some changes to the judicature and functioning of our small company. Changes in our company are not a common occurrence, wherefore there was some shock among the members of the workplace as briefly as the supervisor mentioned about the jut out of modifying particular functions of specific members of the office. I noticed that our supervisor was a bit uptight while he was consummation to describe the changes that he would implement at the workplace.His voice was a bit hard and had a lower tone, which I usually do not describe during regular self-possessed workdays. In addition, the supervisor was sweating in his forehead hence this gave me two impressions. Firstly, he was nervous, pos sibly because he knew that the topic he was discussing with the members of the men was not the best topic to talk about. Secondly, I felt that our supervisor was not sure about his plan and he just wants to try out this new plan in order to determine whether this plan is indeed the right action to perform in order to solve the problem. On the other hand, my co-workers were quiet while sense of hearing to our supervisor and there was not a single smile or voice from my co-workers.b) When our supervisor finished explaining his plan of changing specific functions of particular individuals in our workplace, there were contradictions that came from some members of the office. One co-worker asked why our supervisor came up with this plan.However, I also noticed that this particular co-worker gave out his question with a low voice, too, just the same as our supervisor and this low voice made me feel that our co-worker was not successful and was actually turn over the changes that the s upervisor was planning to implement. At this point, the supervisor tried to explain his side of the plan with a normal pitched voice and this made our co-worker listen and understand why such changes would be implemented in our workplace, and that is to increase the sales of the company.c) Nonverbal communications strongly influence the success or failure of communications because it provides supererogatory senses and emotions to the messages that are being exchanged between individuals, including the sense of sight and even sound (Hargie and Dickson, 2004). For example, it is easier to talk to a person who speaks in a soft voice than deal with a person who speaks with a very loud voice.d) The use words in communication often involves meanings hence individuals should be careful with their choice of words because there a certain words that are linked to denotations or connotations. For example, if a co-worker calls a young-bearing(prenominal) co-worker a queen, this may either mea n that she is very productive and knowledgeable at work, or this may mean that she is only good for bossing people around. Hence the use of words may be tricky and an individual should be cautious when describing specific individuals and issues at the workplace.e) An effective listening technique that may be employed by a manager is to carry an attentive facial expression while hearing out a subordinates message. In addition, a manager may also try to nod to the employee every now and then, in order to let the employee feel that he is delicious to express his ideas and concerns to his supervisor. The nodding of the manager does not mean that he agrees to everything that the subordinate says, but it means that he is listening to what the subordinate is saying. last Nonverbal communication is generally associated with body language, gestures and posture as well as paralanguage forms that influence the success or failure of exchanges between individuals because it provides additional senses and emotions to the messages that are being sent out to other individuals. Nonverbal communications play an important role in the interactions among co-workers, as well as the interrelationship between supervisor and his subordinate because it positive communications promote cooperation and harmony between individuals.ReferenceHargie O and Dickson D (2004) Skilled interpersonal communication Research, scheme and practice. Hove Routledge Publishers.Knapp ML and Hall JA (2007) Nonverbal communication in human interaction, 5th ed. Wadsworth Thomas Learning.Ottenheimer HJ (2007) The anthropology of language An introduction to linguistic anthropology, Kansas State Thomson Wadsworth.Nonverbal CommunicationNonverbal communication is a very large part of human communication behavior. The types of nonverbal communication can range from a simple smile to an obvious avoidance of eye contact, but each behavior carries a direct message that can be understood by all the individuals in a p ublic communication situation.Nonverbal communication, for use in this analysis, is defined by Canary and Dindia (1998) as the form of communication that does not include words messages expressed by nonlinguistic means, people s actions or attributes, including their use of objects, sounds, time and space, that have socially shared significance and stimulate meaning in others (Canary &Dindia, 1998). Nonverbal communication plays a role in all communication it is impossible to communicate without sending out nonverbal clues.These clues help others determine the truth behind ones words and their true feelings. Nonverbal communication is a powerful form of communication in that it expresses and reveals attitudes and attributes that may not be expressed by the words spoken. Through my own observation of a public communication situation, a set of rules for nonverbal communication for that situation was determined, yet it varied according to age and gender. Nonverbal communication rules m ay differ according to the situation.Sentence and Verbal CommunicationAn individuals actions are different when riding on the subway than their actions when getting acquainted at the local pub. Actions when riding in an elevator may be perceived very differently when doing business at a post office. This analysis does not assume or argue that the rules for nonverbal communication are the same for every public communication situation. Rather, each situation has its own set of rules for nonverbal behavior, and the observation and experience of each situation determines its set of rules.Nonverbal communicationpertains to the course of communication that involves the transfer and receipt of messages that are not related to the use of words (Knapp and Hall, 2007). The messages transferred to the listener are generally associated with body language, as well as gestures, posture, external appearance or clothing, facial manifestations and even hairstyles. Nonverbal communication is thus str ongly influenced by visual messages which symbolize particular meanings to the listener. Other paralanguage forms of nonverbal communication include the quality of the speakers voice and his style of speaking. It should be noted that any features related to stress and rhythm of the speakers voice may also influence how a listener receives a speakers message.In the workplace, nonverbal communications play an important role in the interactions among co-workers, as well as the interrelationship between supervisor and his subordinate. It is well known that the employees at a workplace need to work together and cooperate in order to achieve the status of a productive company. Cooperation and harmony are thus closely related to the trust and confidence of each employee to himself and to his co-workers and these factors are often influenced by both verbal and nonverbal communications among individuals in the workplace (Ottenheimer, 2007).It should be understood that even if the right phras es and words were expressed by an individual, the actual message of the spoken words and sentences are often changed by the accompanying nonverbal signals that the speaker is showing to the listener. These nonverbal signs may or may not be consciously being shown yet it is a fact that these nonverbal signs often modify the message that is sent out to the listener.a) In a meeting at my workplace, our supervisor was suggesting some changes to the organization and functioning of our small company. Changes in our company are not a common occurrence, hence there was some shock among the members of the workplace as soon as the supervisor mentioned about the plan of modifying particular functions of specific members of the office. I noticed that our supervisor was a bit uptight while he was proceeding to describe the changes that he would implement at the workplace.His voice was a bit hard and had a lower tone, which I usually do not hear during regular peaceful workdays. In addition, the supervisor was sweating in his forehead hence this gave me two impressions. Firstly, he was nervous, possibly because he knew that the topic he was discussing with the members of the workforce was not the best topic to talk about. Secondly, I felt that our supervisor was not sure about his plan and he just wants to try out this new plan in order to determine whether this plan is indeed the right action to perform in order to solve the problem. On the other hand, my co-workers were quiet while listening to our supervisor and there was not a single smile or voice from my co-workers.b) When our supervisor finished explaining his plan of changing specific functions of particular individuals in our workplace, there were contradictions that came from some members of the office. One co-worker asked why our supervisor came up with this plan.However, I also noticed that this particular co-worker gave out his question with a low voice, too, just the same as our supervisor and this low voice m ade me feel that our co-worker was not pleased and was actually upset over the changes that the supervisor was planning to implement. At this point, the supervisor tried to explain his side of the plan with a normal pitched voice and this made our co-worker listen and understand why such changes would be implemented in our workplace, and that is to increase the sales of the company.c) Nonverbal communications strongly influence the success or failure of communications because it provides additional senses and emotions to the messages that are being exchanged between individuals, including the sense of sight and even sound (Hargie and Dickson, 2004). For example, it is easier to talk to a person who speaks in a soft voice than deal with a person who speaks with a very loud voice.d) The use words in communication often involves meanings hence individuals should be careful with their choice of words because there a certain words that are linked to denotations or connotations. For examp le, if a co-worker calls a female co-worker a queen, this may either mean that she is very productive and knowledgeable at work, or this may mean that she is only good for bossing people around. Hence the use of words may be tricky and an individual should be cautious when describing specific individuals and issues at the workplace.e) An effective listening technique that may be employed by a manager is to carry an attentive facial expression while hearing out a subordinates message. In addition, a manager may also try to nod to the employee every now and then, in order to let the employee feel that he is welcome to express his ideas and concerns to his supervisor. The nodding of the manager does not mean that he agrees to everything that the subordinate says, but it means that he is listening to what the subordinate is saying.Conclusion Nonverbal communication is generally associated with body language, gestures and posture as well as paralanguage forms that influence the success o r failure of exchanges between individuals because it provides additional senses and emotions to the messages that are being sent out to other individuals. Nonverbal communications play an important role in the interactions among co-workers, as well as the interrelationship between supervisor and his subordinate because it positive communications promote cooperation and harmony between individuals.ReferenceHargie O and Dickson D (2004) Skilled interpersonal communication Research, theory and practice. Hove Routledge Publishers.Knapp ML and Hall JA (2007) Nonverbal communication in human interaction, 5th ed. Wadsworth Thomas Learning.Ottenheimer HJ (2007) The anthropology of language An introduction to linguistic anthropology, Kansas State Thomson Wadsworth.Nonverbal CommunicationIntroduction The saying goes, Look into a persons eyes, and you will see their soul. But what is it about the eyes that hold so much? Why do the eyes embrace so much emotion, so many feelings? The eyes, alo ng with other body aspects, are able to communicate to people in ways our words cannot, for eye contact is an invitation to communicate. If you look directly into a persons eyes, they will respond in some manner (Andersen, 2004).Albert Mehrabian (1967) stated that 55% of communication is body language, 38% of communication is tonality, and 7% of communication is the actual words that are spoken (Misunderstanding Section, line 2). Altogether, 93% of communication is unspoken words what we use to give or withhold meaning from our words. Communication is a complicated, ongoing process of sending and receiving messages. These messages provide both implicit and explicit interpretations depending on the synchrony between the spoken word and the body language associated with it.Body language is defined as the gestures, movements, and mannerisms by which a person or animal communicates with others (Merriam-Webster, 2011). Knowing 93% of communication lies in unspoken word, teachers must p ut forth an effort to communicate through their actions and tone of voice, Teachers should be aware of nonverbal communication in the classroom for two basic reasons to become better receivers of students messages and to gain the ability to send positive signals that reinforce students learning while simultaneously becoming more skilled at avoiding negative signals that stifle their learning (Miller, 2005).Teachers need to be more concerned about their teaching-learning situations because the pattern of behavior of the teacher affects the pattern of behavior of the learner (Clark, 1978). With this, teachers must focus on changing the learners behavior by changing their own behavior. By paying attention to nonverbal communication, teachers can better manage their classroom and the learners in that environment. One major aspect of body language is eye contact, When you fail to make eye contact with someone, you are treating her or him as a nonperson and inviting that person tonotcommu nicate (Andersen, 2004, p. 6). Teachers know that students respond to how they treat them. Therefore, when they choose to interact with them, they can help regulate behaviors by maintaining eye contact. In fact, eye contact from the teacher is the most important nonverbal behavior, for eye contact shows confidence, controls classroom interaction, and enables teachers to read the body language of their students. Increasing eye contact dramatically improves motivation in the learning process (Andersen, 2004, p. 42). Review of Literature In 1507, Leonardo da Vinci revealed his now legendary paintingMona Lisa.Sentence and Verbal CommunicationStudied by many and known by all, this painting was the first study to look at body language. It intrigues so many people because the painting is so complex, just like body language. The most interesting aspect of this painting is Monas smile. This smile portrays more than just one emotion. In addition, Monas gaze follows the viewer no matter the angle she is viewed from. There are many meanings and emotions hidden in this picture and that is why it arguably is the best-known painting in the world (Riding, 2005, lines 4-6).In his book,The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals, Charles Darwin (1872) looked at how our emotions express our feelings and thoughts. Through his many studies, Darwin was able to prove that our expressions of emotions portray more than words. Darwin studied the eyes, nose, arms, voice, and many other body features in order to verify a correlation between body language and others perceptions. Often, our facial features correlate with our tone of voice in order to express a certain feeling, The pitch of the voice bears some relation to certain states of feeling is tolerably clear (Darwin, 1872, p. 03). This being true, one can easily sense anothers emotion, such as high spirits, by simply focusing on the unspoken word A person in high spirits, though he/she may not actually smile, commonly exhib its some tendency to the retraction of the corners of his mouth. From the excitement of pleasure, the circulation becomes more rapid the eyes are bright, and the colour of the face rises. The brain, being stimulated by the increased flow of blood, reacts on the mental powers lively ideas pass still more rapidly through the mind, and the affections are warmed (Darwin, 1872, p. 696-697).Darwin claims that our emotions are intricately intertwined with our whole body. Our emotions, mind, and body work as one to send signals to other people. People use body language to help drive interaction and keep others engaged. But what happens when our body language is not the same language as someone from another country? This poses a problem not only in society but in classrooms as well. Teachers are being asked more and more to create an atmosphere of inclusivity in order to accommodate for diverse populations including gender, ethnicity, religion, and ability. Debra Pitton et. al. 1993) stated teachers have a responsibility to provide the best possible educational experience day to day and this experience must include body language for many reasons By incorporating the study of nonverbal messages into pre-service studies, teachers will more readily be able to help students become cognizant of culture, ethnicity, and gender as important variables in everyday life. This will also help students, as they will benefit from an increased appreciation of diversity when they assume their future roles as parents, teachers, community leaders, co-workers, employers, and citizens.An inclusive education should facilitate the changes in climate necessary to ensure ongoing change, and knowledge of culturally specific nonverbal communication patterns can enhance this process (p. 2). Teachers goals are to help their students be active participants in their community and in society. In order to do so, students must be able to understand verbal and nonverbal communication signals as they rel ate from one person and one context to the next. Nonverbal relates to the unspoken word and a means to send messages that are not sanctioned for verbal delivery by our culture (Wiemann, 1975).As humans, we have a particular strength to respond quickly and unconsciously pick up clues to others nonverbal behavior so that we can respond and react however, we are culture-bound in what we see and can interpret those behaviors incorrectly depending on our background and experiences (Cohen, 1971). Nonverbal behavior is difficult to control or to censor. Nonverbal behavior comes naturally to an individual based on true emotions, feelings, and culture it is less likely to be deceptive as verbal communication can be (Galloway, 1993).With this, there seems to be a necessity for teachers to have complete control over their nonverbal behaviors in order to communicate to their students effectively. Students read more from their teachers body language than they do their actual words. In fact, mos t teachers are not aware of the ways in which they transmit nonverbal messages to pupils. Classroom culture has its own nonverbal language and pupils absorb its nuances along with the spoken language (Spanjer, 1972). Peter Andersen (2004) claims immediacy behaviors, hich signal approach and availability, and send warm, stimulating messages to other people, help teachers develop a positive relationship with their students. Some immediacy behaviors include touching, smiling, nodding, facing others, showing relaxation, leaning toward others, and synchronizing our conversations however, in the classroom, the most important immediacy behavior is eye contact, Teacher eye contact shows confidence, controls classroom interaction, and enables teachers to read the body language of their students (Andersen, 2004).Being able to read body language gives teachers an advantage at recognizing their students true emotions, enabling the teacher to be more effective on a minute-to-minute basis. By inc reasing immediacy behaviors, students motivation in the learning process dramatically improves (Andersen, 2004). Teachers need to be aware of immediacy behaviors, such as eye contact, in order to help their students succeed in the classroom and, ultimately, outside of the classroom. When it comes to motivating students to complete their work, nonverbal behavior is a prime factor in teacher effectiveness. Research studies across K-college found that learners at all levels reacted more favorably to teachers who used nonverbal immediacy cues. Increasing immediacy behaviors dramatically improves students motivation (Goman, 2008). Andersen (2004) concluded people trust body language over the spoken word (p. 14).People trust body language because it is spontaneous, multi-channeled, and possesses redundant qualities that make it very hard to completely fake (Andersen, 2004). This is applied in classrooms as well. Students rely on the teachers body language in order to interpret the meanin g of their words however, teachers are not well educated in the area of body language. No prerequisite courses are offered to teachers during their undergraduate/graduate years that help prepare them in nonverbal communication because it is still a largely unexplored area (Ligons, 1973).Teachers must be aware of nonverbal communication in their classrooms because nonverbal communication is the medium through which relationships are maintained, regulated, and guided within culturally-prescribed patterns (Grove, 1976). Focusing on professional success in the classroom is crucial, especially at a changing time in educations history with the passing of the Budget Bill by Governor Walker, At a time when it is widely recognized that professional success is achieved with or through other people, the power of, nd the need for, good interpersonal skills couldnt be greater (Goman, 2008). Method The examination underlying this paper is a better understanding of how adverse nonverbal behavior ( in relation to the spoken word) will, ultimately, negatively impact students emotionally, behaviorally, and academically that teachers find as problem students, different, and/or difficult. This investigation began with the articleThe Nonverbal Advantage(Goman, 2008) and the evidence of increasing student motivation and success in the classroom by changing behavior. Understanding the importance of body language in the classroom setting provided a pathway of inquiry related to immediacy behaviors, student motivation/success, and the classroom teacher of the 21stcentury. This included reviewing research and articles from different time periods, even dating back to the late 19thcentury.The information gathered proved the lack of current research existing in relation to nonverbal communication in a classroom setting however, after reading multiple examples that verify the significance body language has in relation to student achievement, information regarding nonverbal behavior and its correlation to student motivation and achievement is imperative to know in order to progress not only certain classrooms but also schools as a whole.A short survey of nine multiple choice questions and one open-ended question (optional to answer) focused on teachers views of nonverbal behavior in the profession of teaching and working with children. The survey also provided information regarding their awareness of their own nonverbal behavior along with their thoughts on the ability to change their nonverbal behavior.The purpose of this research was to aid in providing valuable information to serve as a guide for teachers and administrators on how to change their behavior in order to change their students behavior and, ultimately, improve student achievement and motivation as well as schools success.